Brand Audit on CocaCola Company Free Essay Example, 1000 words

This is crucial element in auditing a brand since it determines how consumers are likely to react in choosing the brand among competing brands (Maclaran, Saren, Goulding, Elliott, & Caterall, 2010). Accordingly, the brand pyramid resonance of Coca-Cola brand compared to that of its major competitor Pepsi brand are as reflected in the chart below. Source (Carolina, Quentin, Charlotte, Alexandre, & Alya, 2013). Source (Carolina, Quentin, Charlotte, Alexandre, & Alya, 2013). The brand pyramid resonance of Coca-Cola and Pepsi brand above reflects that the various dimensions employed in assessing consumer’s attitude and perception towards a given brand has a favorable attribute in Coca-Cola brand compared to that of Pepsi brand. Even though consumers have positive remarks towards the Pepsi brand in the pyramid above, the remarks towards Coca-Cola brand seems superior. This is because the consumer research conducted in assessing the consumers’ reaction in considering the brand seems they would consider a Coca-Cola brand due to the positive attitude and perception they possess compared to that of the main competitor (Rosenbloom, 2013). Accordingly, Coca-Cola brand is more competitive in penetrating the market compared to competing brands due to brand image of consumers as reflected by their remarks in the brand resonance pyramid. We will write a custom essay sample on Brand Audit on CocaCola Company or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/pageorder now Competitive analysis is another vital factor that is employed in undertaking brand audit. One of the aspects that are employed in determining the competitive analysis of a given brand compared to its competitors in the market is consumer loyalty (Gillespie & Hennessey, 2011). The consumer loyalty towards Coca-Cola brand compared to that Pepsi brand is higher. This is reflected by the high sales revenue and volume that Coca-Cola brand generates compared to that of Pepsi brand. In addition, the number of regional markets that Coca-Cola brand dominates compared to that of its major competitor Pepsi brand is significantly higher. Thus, the competitiveness of Coca-Cola brand is substantially high compared to of its competing brands in the beverage market. Furthermore, the brand equity of Coca-Cola brand compared to its competing brands demonstrates it is highly competitive. Strategic Recommendations Owing to the high value of Coca-Cola brand as reflected in the brand audit, it is vital for the management to undertake strategic steps to safeguard its brand strength in future. One of the strategic steps recommended for Coca-Cola management is to enhance the brand position of its brand.

The Debate Over Physician Assisted Suicide - 951 Words

In today’s society, suicide, and more controversially, physician assisted suicide, is a hotly debated topic amongst both every day citizens and members of the medical community. The controversial nature of the subject opens up the conversation to scrutinizing the ethics involved. Who can draw the line between morality and immorality on such a delicate subject, between lessening the suffering of a loved one and murder? Is there a moral dissimilarity between letting someone die under your care and killing them? Assuming that PAS suicide is legal under certain circumstances, how stringent need be these circumstances? The patient must be terminally ill to qualify for voluntary physician-assisted suicide, but in the eyes of the non-terminal patients with no physical means to end their life, the ending of their pain through PAS may be worth their death; at what point is the medical staff disregarding a patient’s autonomy? Due to the variability of answers to these questions, the debate over physician-assisted suicide is far from over. However, real life occurrences happen every day outside the realm of debate and rhetoric, and decisions need to be made. In the context of Case Study #1, the doctor must decide on whether or not he will hasten the woman’s death to alleviate her pain; he must decide whether or not there is a moral difference between killing someone and hastening their death to relieve suffering. The woman described has a continuously declining and invariably fatalShow MoreRelatedThe Debate Over Euthanasia And Physician Assisted Suicide Essay1441 Words   |  6 PagesLegalization of Euthanasia in the United States The debate over Euthanasia and Physician Assisted Suicide is becoming progressively complicated as doctors develop a better understanding of its purpose and usefulness. Euthanasia, a Greek term meaning â€Å"good death† and it can portray as a killing of a patient who chooses to take this course of action by applying, administrating, and enduring a procedure to terminate their life (Euthanasia Debate). Prescribed when a patient is in intense pain or sufferingRead MorePhysician Assisted Suicide1226 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿ Physician Assisted Suicide There are instances when people who are terminally ill or severely injured who want to terminate their own lives. Sometimes, due to the state of their injuries or conditions, those people are unable to end their own pain. It is in many of these cases that the patients request assistance in their suicides. This kind of request is like to happen in facilities where the patient receives long term or permanent care. Physician assisted suicide is a hotly contested issueRead MoreThe Debate Of Physician Assisted Suicide1321 Words   |  6 PagesThe Debate Surrounding the Topic of Physician Assisted Suicide Who gets to make the choice whether someone lives or dies? If a person has the right to live, they certainly should be able to make the choice to end their own life. The law protects each and everyone’s right to live, but when a person tries to kill themselves more than likely they will end up in a Psychiatric unit. Today we hear more and more about the debate of Physician assisted suicide and where this topic stands morally and ethicallyRead MorePHI 103 Final1311 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿ Should Physician-Assisted Suicide Be Legal? Eileen K. Cordova PHI 103 Instuctor James Hardy July 11, 2013 SHOULD PHYSICIAN ASSISTED SUICIDE BE LEGAL Physician-assisted suicide has been a controversial topic for over a decade now. In today’s society, physician-assisted suicide brings so many ehtical questions as such, who is the true owner of our lives? Should releiving pain and suffering always be the highest priority, or does it occure for a reason?Read MoreSince The Fifteen Century, Society Has Viewed Suicide Or1178 Words   |  5 PagesSince the fifteen century, society has viewed suicide or intentional death as immoral. It was not until the twentieth century that these â€Å"immoral† attitudes were challenged. As of 2016, the Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, and Colombia have unambiguously legalized direct assisted dying. Other areas, having to undergo a process of either a judicial or legislative decision, include Canada, Japan, and Germany. Currently in the United States, following the same process of a judicial or legislative processesRead More Physician-Assisted Suicide is Morally and Ethically Acceptab le1160 Words   |  5 Pages   Ã‚  Ã‚   The long time debate over medically assisted suicide, the presence of a doctor at a patient’s suicide, resurfaced again with the conviction of doctor Jack Kevorkian.   Kevorkian was convicted of second degree murder when he euthanized, or administered the injection himself, Thomas Youk on September 17, 1998.   Dr. Kevorkian, an advocate and practitioner of medically assisted suicides, has many opponents on the issue. Opponents say that it is unethical and even with the consent of the patientRead MoreThe debate of Physician Assisted Suicide993 Words   |  4 PagesOver the years the medical field has developed many miraculous ideas and procedures. From organ transfers to blood transfusions, tons of lives have been saved. A doctor’s whole purpose is to help those dying to live. Yet, doctors have developed PAS, Physician Assisted Suicide, also known as Physician Assisted Death, and not to be mixed up with Euthanasia. Physician Assisted Suicide is morally wrong, gives doctors too much power, and it opens a door for those less critical patients to receive treatmentRead MoreNew Client. Professor__. English___. 2/28/17. The Implications1182 Words   |  5 Pagesvia euthanasia it becomes an extensively debate regarding the rights of an individual to make that choice. The article â€Å"A Doctor-Assisted Disaster for Medicine† loosely examines the negative implications of assisted suicide laws on patients. Toffler’s article sheds light upon how the law has changed the relationship between patients and their medical provider. Toffler suggests that many individuals are forcefully driven to pursue physician assisted suicide as treatment. In result, many mentally illRead MoreLegalizing Physician Assisted Suicide And Active Euthanasia843 Words   |  4 PagesFatal Differences The civil argument in the U.S. over whether or not to authorize physician-assisted suicide and active euthanasia has reached new levels of vehemence. Oregon, California, Vermont, and Washington (and Montana, via court ruling) have become the first states to legalize physician-assisted suicide. There has, too, been campaigning, ballot measures, bills, and litigation in other states in attempts to legalize one or both practices. Supporters increasingly urge either absolute legalizationRead MoreThe Legal And Ethical Issues Involving Physician Assisted Suicide1134 Words   |  5 Pageswhat conditions is physician assisted suicide morally acceptable, is the question at hand and did these states make the right decision on such a slippery slope debate. This paper will go on to explain one side of this very touchy debate, it will also consider objections from the other side, and ultimately defend the position physician assisted suicide is wrong not only morally but also, ethically. My argument for this thesis is provided below: P1: Physician assisted suicide violates the doctor’s

Museum Paper Free Essays

The purpose of this paper is to visit The Metropolitan Museum of Art and write a reaction paper about art works at the museum based on my impressions about them. To begin, I will start by giving you a little of background information about this interesting museum. The Metropolitan Museum of Art was founded in 1870 by a group of American citizens. We will write a custom essay sample on Museum Paper or any similar topic only for you Order Now It opened on February 20, 1872 and was originally located at 681 on Fifth Avenue. Also known as â€Å"The Met†, the museum is located on the eastern edge of Central Park in New York City. It has a permanent collection containing more than two million works of art. The main building of the Met is one of the world’s largest art galleries. The museum permanent collection includes art from classical antiquity and Ancient Egypt, paintings and sculptures from nearly all of the European masters and an extensive collection of American and modern art. The Met also maintains extensive holdings of African, Asian, Oceanic, Byzantine, and Islamic art. The museum is also home of encyclopedic collections musical instruments, costumes and accessories and antique weapons and armor from around the world. As of today, The Met measures almost a quarter mile long and occupies more than two million square feet. When I went to the museum I was amazed by it size. It’s a huge building. It has so many steps at the main entrance and you almost can’t walk because so many people are seating at the steps. It is incredible how many people go to the museum. I was surprise. I didn’t think so many people were going to be there from so many places from the city and all across the world. You cannot walk without bumping another person. It is very interesting seeing and learning about all the arts and sculptures you see in there. I saw a â€Å"Bone Doll† that I found very interesting because it was made with bones incised with schematic anatomical feature formed from a series of geometric shapes and has short arms. There are more elaborate examples that have hair. I also saw a mummy with an inserted panel portrait of a youth from Hawara a part of Egypt. His downy moustache indicates that he was no older than his twenties. I found a Seated Statue of the monarch Idu II Dendera funny because to look at the statue you have to look through a rectangular hole that is in the wall. I think that also makes people curious to look, to see what’s inside there. I didn’t like the painting â€Å"The Man of Sorrows† by Michele Giambono because the man in the painting was bleeding real badly. It was an image of Saint Francis receiving the stigmata with a figure of Christ as the man of sorrows. The painting was done using tempera and gold on wood. I liked the painting of Girolamo dai Libri called â€Å"Madona and Child with Saints† because it was a very peaceful environment. Tempera and oil on canvas was used in the painting. The drawing â€Å"A Hunting Scene† is a very interesting painting but I didn’t like it because too much violence was involved. The whole drawing is base on killing. Tempera and oil transferred to masonite were used. The drawing â€Å"Hercules and Achelous† is very interesting because Hercules is fighting Achelous who transformed himself into a bull in order to fight Hercules for the favors of Deianeira. In the struggle, one of his horn snapped off and Nymphs filled it with flowers and fruits creating the Cornucopia, Horn of Plenty. In conclusion, I will talk about the most interesting place in the entire museum for me, The Temple of Dendur. It’s amazing how beautiful this place is. At the entrance, you encounter yourself with two big statues that make it looks like if they were guards of the temple. It also has a very interesting pool aria as part of a landscape of the temple. It’s very beautiful and it gives another look to the temple. At the center, they have two little buildings that you go inside and look at them, and around, they have these kind of benches that you can seat and rest if you have been a while in the museum because trust me, you will get tired. The museum is so big and interesting that you just want to see every little corner like I did. I recommend people to take some time and visit the Met museum because it’s worth going to. How to cite Museum Paper, Papers

The Native Son Essay Research Paper Native free essay sample

The Native Son Essay, Research Paper Native Son The fresh Native Son, written by Richard Wright, is a book that deals with a hapless, black adult male named Bigger Thomas turning up in a rat-infested one-bedroom flat on the South Side in Chicago during the Depression. It deals with the racism between inkinesss and Whites, the hapless and the rich. This adult male Bigger Thomas feels like that he is trapped and doomed to a fate of invariably being on the underside of the societal ladder because of the Whites. He does non like the Whites because he thinks of them as being Masterss or as being people who tell the inkinesss what to make and where to travel. He works as a chauffeur for a household named the Daltons. But one dark, as he is driving one of the Daltons, Mary, the girl, to travel run into her Communist fellow Jan, the three of them end up imbibing and going rummy. We will write a custom essay sample on The Native Son Essay Research Paper Native or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Bigger drives Mary place and while she is seting Mary into bed, Mary? s blind female parent walks in to the room, and Bigger becomes scared that Mary is gon na uncover Bigger? s presence so he smothers her face with a pillow to do her be soundless. But as he is making that, he by chance kills her so he ends up firing her organic structure in the furnace. He tries to cover up the whole incident by seeking to border a snatch and ransom by subscribing it? Red? to seek to border Jan, the fellow of Mary. But the household ends up happening the castanetss in the furnace so they find Bigger, and the town sentences him to decease. Bigger was doomed from the beginning. He was a black adult male turning up in a rich, white society. He knew that he was non traveling to go anything. What I did non wish about this book was how the writer wrote from such a pessimistic position of the whole inkinesss versus Whites issue. He made is seem as if you were black turning up in Chicago, that you were non of all time traveling to go anything, that you were doomed to state hapless and unrecorded like rats. What I did wish is that, the writer truly showed how it was during the Depression epoch and what the inkinesss had to travel through. I like how he truly tries to do the book relate to everyone by holding so many characters with such different personalities so every individual could larn from the book. I like how Wright shows that this adult male Bigger Thomas was non a felon from the really beginning. He shows how society made him what he was, and there was nil for him to make about it now that he had done what he had done. I particularly do bask how Wright showed that Bigger was how he was by the manner that he lived his life and how a individual is non like he is because he? born that way. ? Peoples are shaped by fortunes and cases in a those people? s lives. I would urge this book to anyone who would wish to read about the issues associating inkinesss versus Whites or the whole bias

The Investigation of Ethical Issues in The Tell

In a nutshell, ethics is a branch of philosophy that deals with human behavior and how people should live. Ethics deals with the capability to determine what is right or wrong. There are many ways to investigate ethics. There are many ways that can be used to determine if a decision made was the most ethical thing to do.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Investigation of Ethical Issues in The Tell-Tale Heart and The Pond specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More There are many ways that can be used to achieve that goal but an interesting method is to develop a short story to deal with ethical issues. This technique was used in the development of The Pond (Munro, 2000) and Tell-Tale Heart (Poe, 2004). These two stories examine the thoughts and feelings of someone who wanted to do something unethical. In Munro’s The Pond there are at least three ethical issues. First of all, the heroine in the story contemplated su icide. She was always fascinated with death. She kept on talking about death in the same way that a person talks about their chauffeur that was about to fetch them. In other words she made people understand that at any moment the Angel of Death will come and whisk her away. Her morbid fascination with death graduated to suicidal thoughts when she married a man who did not share her interest in the spiritual realm. Her husband pushed her to the breaking point because they had very little in common. She realized this problem a few days after her marriage. Their thoughts occupy different spheres. She was interested in the unseen while her husband was focused on the practical aspects of life. He reasoned out that life has many troubles. His philosophy is supported by various events in his life as a farmer and businessman. He had to contend with different types of problems, from government related difficulties to pest control troubles in his farm. His indifference towards his wife brings to the surface the second ethical issue. The secondary problem is related to an ethical dilemma with regards to the responsibility of the husband to provide and care for the family. It is an ethical dilemma because the husband is supposed to work hard in order to provide food, clothing and shelter for wife and children. However, the wife and the children made demands beyond the scope of physical needs. They also demanded emotional fulfillment through the interactions in a husband and father relationship. The added demand is a problem because it requires time to take care of the farm and create a system that will yield a profit. However, it also requires time to establish an emotional connection with the family.Advertising Looking for essay on comparative literature? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The problems at home brought to the surface the third ethical issue in the story. The other issue was not developed fully but it c an be argued that the heroine of the story was so unhappy with the marriage that she wanted a way out. The conventional and legal way to break-up a marriage was not available to Mona and John. If they lived in the big city, perhaps they could have availed of a legal remedy. But since they were in a rural area, marriage was expected to last for a lifetime and only death can separate them. It is the inability to find a solution to her predicament that led Mona to contemplate suicide. It has been made clear that these three different ethical dilemmas were all related to each other. Munro investigated the ethical issues not by pointing out the best way to deal with the problem. The author presented the different aspects of the ethical issues and provides a framework for the reader to understand why it is called a dilemma. In other words, Munro found a way to examine the different components of the ethical problem to demonstrate that human beings are prone to these problems not because t hey are inherently bad, but because of the circumstances that they cannot control. Nevertheless, this does not suggest that suicide is an acceptable behavior. The moral of the story is that it is important to determine the underlying factors before judgment is made. In Edgar Allan Poe’s The Tell-Tale Heart there are two major ethical issues. The first one is the desire to kill a person not because of self-defense but fear. The action of the killer is questioned because of the motive. In most societies, the murder of a person is acceptable only on one condition and that is self-defense. The ability to take away the life of another is so contemptible that it is justified to kill to prevent the murder of an innocent person. Therefore, there is no greater sin than to murder an innocent man. In the Tell-Tale Heart the man’s obsession to murder his employer was not only despicable it can be considered as an act of lunacy. This impression comes early in the reading of the sto ry that the narrator himself became defensive and stated that it is unfair to judge his mental state and compare it to those who belong to the psychiatric ward of a hospital. But there is no other explanation for his bazaar behavior. He was the one who divulged that he had no ill-feeling toward his victim. It is interesting to point out that in the examination of the ethical dilemma faced by the murderer he had to find a justification for his action. Thus, the author wanted to demonstrate that those who are guilty will always have the burden to prove their case. Those who have nothing to hide are not bothered by this need. But those who are guilty, the need to clarify their motives and the need to present the rationale for their action forced them to find someone who can empathize with them. It is illustrated in the story through the manic behavior of the killer.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Investigation of Ethical Issues in The Tell-Tale Heart and The Pond specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The killer said that he was nervous and this confession reminds the reader that the business of taking away another person’s life is never going to be a pleasant experience. The author made it clear that a murderer is still a human being and subjected to the same emotional burdens that accompany an action that is considered barbaric in many cultures. However, the author also illustrated the reason why a murderer continues with the plan even when confronted with vexed emotions and other factors that make it extremely difficult to carry out the plan. In the story the author pointed out that the fear of being caught and the fear of legal repercussion is overpowered by the nagging feeling of discomfort that only the killer can understand. In this particular case, the killer feared the â€Å"eye† of the victim. He was so frustrated and so uncomfortable every time the victim gazes at him. It created in him such a level of discomfort that the only way to relieve that pain and to correct the problem is to find a way to close the eye forever. There is no other option for him other than to take away the life of his employer. The second ethical issue that was addressed in the story is the problem when it comes to covering up the crime. The negative feeling of covering up the deed is linked to the consequences if the perpetrator of the crime is apprehended by the authorities. The killer succeeded in eliminating what he believed was a threat to his well-being. However, the eradication of his employer will have no value if he is apprehended by the authorities. Thus, the same energy used to commit the crime was the same energy expended for the cover-up. One can just imagine the stress and the anxiety that the killer felt as he worked overnight and overtime to conceal the crime. He said that he worked with the speed of the wind but he was able to accomplish all of that in sil ence. There is no need to elaborate how difficult it is to work without creating a sound. Pulling out the planks from the floor in a normal manner is a tremendously difficult task. But if one will add another requirement, which is to remove the boards without creating a sound to alert the neighbor, it will require double effort. There is the need to apply strength to remove the board and another extra effort not to let any vibration or collision of objects in order to prevent unnecessary noise.Advertising Looking for essay on comparative literature? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The author illustrated the difficulty felt by the murderer before the crime was committed and after the criminal act was brought to completion. The author did not only provide a way to present an ethical dilemma but also made it clear that the criminals suffer from the consequences of their actions. They suffer not only from the legal ramifications of their actions but also from the torment that they received from a conscience that bothers them continuously. The secondary problem discussed in the story is the difficulty of covering up the crime. The killer experiences changes in demeanor as well as thought patterns. In this particular case, the killer was so distraught about the whole criminal act that he was forced to the brink of a mental breakdown. He tried to keep it under control. But when the investigators came to pay him a visit, everything was unraveled. He could no longer control his emotions and he began to see and hear things. The author made it clear that guilt as a resu lt of a non-resolution of an ethical dilemma or the violation of an ethical standard can result in unpleasant mental and emotional effects. The conscience of that person will continue to hound him until he can no longer deal with the consequences of his actions. Conclusion Ethical dilemmas were present in both stories. The main characters were faced with problems that made them emotionally and mentally unstable. Both authors attempted to point out that there is an underlying reason why a person is forced to commit a crime or to break a particular ethical standard. Munro and Poe did not develop a legal discourse in order to show the difference between acceptable and non-acceptable behavior. They used a different strategy to investigate the ethical dilemmas in the story. They made it clear that an unacceptable behavior can make life difficult for the person. But indirectly, they were able to show that it is important to find out the reason behind an action because most of the time peo ple are forced to violate an ethical standard to find relief to an emotional or mental struggle. References Munro, S. (2000). The pond. Web. Poe, E. (2004). The tell-tale heart. Web. This essay on The Investigation of Ethical Issues in The Tell-Tale Heart and The Pond was written and submitted by user Cali Harrell to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

The Relationship Between Delinquency and Drug Use

The Relationship Between Delinquency and Drug Use Free Online Research Papers By Roby Lynn Rice In my attempt to discover if delinquency and drug use, or the sale of drugs were correlated with one another, my research lead to a positive correlation, especially when there was gang membership involved. The theory I have chosen to tie in with my review of the articles I found is the social learning theory of Edwin Sutherland known as differential association theory. According to Britannica online, Sutherland’s differential association theory of delinquent behavior is learned from other persons who are also engaged in delinquent behaviors. Sutherland believes that a person becomes delinquent because of an access amount of exposure to the definitions of criminal behavior and the violation of the law (Britannica 2007). This particular belief is a good theory to use to explain juvenile delinquency. Orcutt (1983) explains that Sutherland states that everyone has social groups which influence each of us in the actions that we chose to engage in according to the norms and values o f that group. An example would be that most of our parents teach us that we should respect and obey the law. However, there are those that some people are associated with inside their social network that influence in negative ways, tempting and leading others into deviant behavior. Such as assuring those within a group that certain drugs should not be criminalized and that the chance of getting caught with them is very slim. With enough pressure and continued exposure to that mindset and behavior pattern, an individual whom has not been engaged in certain illegal behaviors becomes involved with those activities that promote the illegal and delinquent behaviors. The behavior referred to in this paper is the use or selling of drugs and its connection with juvenile delinquency and gangs. According to Orcutt (1983), Sutherland does point out that learning of social norms and values does not come from the mass population but for one’s own intimate connections with family and close peers. Orcutt (1983) also tells us that Sutherland states that the learning process of delinquent behavior is the exact same process as it is for the learning of accepted norms and values. When a child learns through his close peers or family members the definitions and techniques for delinquent behavior, that child is more likely than not to act on his/her acquired knowledge when he/she sees the benefits of delinquent behavior as outweighing the disadvantages. An example of this would be delinquency through gang involvement. A study was conducted in Arizona that used data from the Arizona Arrestee Drug Abuse Monitoring (ADAM) program that supported the hypothesis that current gang members were significantly more likely to use drugs (marijuana and cocaine) as compared with former gang members (Katz, Charles M., Vincent J. Webb and Scott H. Decker 2005). The ADAM program is designed to collect data from recently booked arrestees. This data was collected from two counties in Arizona, Maricopa and Pima Counties. It is important to note that only those juveniles that were detained by the police and held were the subjects of this study and not the juveniles that had been released to parents or other responsible parties (Katz et al.2005). According to Katz et al. (2005), the variable used for this study focused on gender, age, and ethnicity along with prior arrests, drug history of respondent and what the current school status of the respondent w as at the time of the study. The questionnaire included questions on the frequency of drug use that covered a 12 month, 30 day and 3 day period for 13 different types of drugs. The respondents were then asked to provide a urine sample that was calibrated to detect drugs ingested within a 72 hour period (Vishner 1991). After the urinalysis was obtained, the respondents were given another questionnaire about affiliation or participation within gangs. The questions asked pertained to level of gang activity in respondent’s neighborhood, organization and structure of gangs in neighborhood, what the characteristics and composition of the gangs are, gang membership and victimization. In order to determine if the respondent was an actual gang member as opposed to respondents that were members of informal gangs, the respondents was asked to reveal the name of the gang they were a member of. If the respondent did not answer with the name of the gang, that respondent was not considere d an actual gang member and therefore not counted (Katz et. al.). The sample consisted of 939 juvenile arrestees, 81% male and 19% female. Within the sample, 25.7% were 14 years of age or younger, 20.3% were 15 years old and 54% were 16 years old or older (Katz et. al.). Gang affiliation / participation were rather high at 52% of all respondents. The findings show that out of a total number of 451 from the sample size of 939, only 11.1% of the respondents that reported drug use or sale of drugs were not affiliated with any type of gang. Whereas 488, 52% of the sample size of 939 were members of, or affiliated with gangs. Of that 488, more than three-quarters reported using or selling drugs (Katz et. al. 2005) In a study conducted to measure the effects of the background and characteristics offenders, we can see how this study supports Sutherland’s theory. This study shows that background characteristics not only help to explain patterns of offending but also serve as a basis as important predictors of types of offending (Armstrong and Britt 2004). This study looks at many different socialization influences in the life of the offender. I am mainly concerned for the purpose of this paper with the correlation of family or peer influence in the participation of delinquency with the use of drugs. Armstrong and Britt (2004) reports that young people from families that are engaged in delinquent and criminal behavior are more at risk of learning and committing crimes at a younger age than juveniles from families that do not participate in delinquent behavior. This supports Sutherland’s differential theory in that a juvenile will do as others in his/her close social group does. Armst rong and Britt (2004) also point out that if a juvenile has just one friend that is involved in delinquent behavior he/she will be at greater risk of committing a delinquent act. According to Armstrong and Britt (2004) juveniles that are associated with a gang are at greater risk of several delinquent behaviors including but not limited to the use or selling of drugs as compared to non-gang members. One hypothesis within this study suggests that when crime is committed in a group (gang) a greater likelihood of specialization / escalation may occur (Armstrong and Britt 2004). The method used for the collection of data for this study was based on aggregate data using the Forward Specialization Coefficient ( FSC) or individual data comparing across demographic characteristics such as age or gender by using a heterogeneity index (Armstrong and Britt 2004). Juveniles held under the supervision of the California Youth Authority (CYA) in the 1980’s participated in this study. According to Armstrong and Britt (2004) two random samples were used. 2,000 wards released in 1981-82 and 2,000 wards released in 1986-87 from the CYA. The sources used for the gathering of the data were from four areas; Youth Authority electronically stored ward data files, the hardcopy ward master Files of the Youth Authority, the Criminal History files of the California Department of Justice and the California Vital Statistics (Armstrong and Britt 2004). It was found that out of the sample (N=2,294) 43.3% of respondents siblings were involved in criminal activity, 27.3% of respon dents caregivers were involved in criminality, 33.3% of respondents parents had an alcohol/drug problem, 41.9 % of respondents were involved with gangs, 80.4 % of respondents had a chemical or drug problem and 64.7% of respondents had a problem with alcohol according to table 1, Characteristics of the Sample (Armstrong and Britt 2004). This study found that gang association increased the odds that the respondent would be involved in violence, drug and alcohol offenses with the odds ratio of drug offense being increased by approximately 1.38. These finding support the hypothesis that juveniles who are gang members are more likely to be involved in drug related offenses than non-gang members. It also supports Sutherland’s theory of differential association. This study also found that characteristics of individuals that predict any criminal behavior also predict type of criminal behavior. The office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention (OJJDP) publishes a bulletin called the Juvenile Justice Bulletin. Within that bulletin I was able to locate data that is relevant to delinquency. With concerns mounting about youth gangs, the OJJDP’s Youth Gang Series address many key issues concerning youth gangs which included but was not limited to youth gang drug trafficking (Howell and Gleason 1999). This study is relevant to juvenile delinquency because it is widely believed that gangs are involved in drug sales which lead to the commission of other crimes. Howell and Gleason (1999) used the responses obtained by the National Youth Gang Center (NYGC) in the 1996 National Youth Gang Survey. According to Howell and Gleason (1999) the sample size of 3,024 police and sheriff’s departments received the survey. 87% of the sample size responded with a total of 53% of the respondents reporting a problem with gangs. Respondents reported that 43% of drug sales were conducted by gang members in their jurisdiction, 57% reported that they had active gangs, and in jurisdictions that included drug gangs 41% of respondents said that more than half (or all) of drug distribution was managed and controlled by gangs (Howell and Gleason 1999). Howell and Gleason (1999) found that the largest age group of gang members was 15-17 years old. It was also found that in areas that respondents reported that gangs did not control drug distribution, 79% of gang members were juveniles, 17 years old or younger. And in areas that reported drug distribution being controlled by gangs, 42% of gang members were 17 or younger and 58% of gang members were 18 and older. Though this study found that when gang members were involved in the sale of drugs, they were also usually involved in the distribution as well and is widespread, according to Howell and Gleason (1999), however, it is central to a very small number of jurisdictions. In conclusion, it is very apparent that the people we are socialized by as children have a huge impact on the behaviors we adopt as individuals according to our learned norms and values. I have also found that while gang drug activity is relegated to a small number of jurisdictions, it does support the hypothesis that juveniles that are associated with gangs are more likely than non-gang members to be involved with the use, selling and distribution of drugs. I have also learned that while a juvenile’s drug activity was apparent as a gang member, which was not usually the case either before joining the gang or after departing from the gang. This again supports Sutherland’s differential association theory that we tend to adopt the norms and values of those we are being socialized with. References Armstrong, Todd A. and Chester L. Britt. 2004. â€Å"The Effect of Offender Characteristics On Offense Specialization And Escalation.† Justice Quarterly 21 (4): 843-876 Howell, James C. and Debra K. Gleason. 1999. â€Å"Youth Gang Drug Trafficking.† Juvenile Justice Bulletin. Retrieved November 15, 2007 (ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1 /ojjdp/178282.pdf) Katz, Charles M., Vincent J. Webb and Scott H. Decker. 2005 â€Å"Using The Arrestee Drug Abuse Monitoring (ADAM) Program To Further Understand The Relationship Between Drug Use And Gang Membership.† Justice Quarterly 22 (1): 58-88 Orcutt, James D. 1983. â€Å"Analyzing Deviance†. Pp 153-163. Retrieved November 18, 2007 (http://deviance.socprobs.net/Unit_3/Theory/DA.htm) Sutherland, Edwin. 2007. In Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved November 15, 2007, from Encyclopedia Britannica Online: britannica.com/eb/article- 9343984 Vishner,C. 1991. â€Å"A Comparison of Urinalysis Technologies For Drug Testing In Criminal Justice.† Washington DC : National Institute Of Justice, cited in Charles M. Katz, Vincent J. Webb and Scott H. Decker. 2005. â€Å"Using The Arrestee Drug Abuse Monitoring (ADAM) Program To Further Understand The Relationship Between Drug Use and Gang Membership.† Justice Quarterly 22 (1) 58-88 Research Papers on The Relationship Between Delinquency and Drug UseEffects of Television Violence on ChildrenThe Effects of Illegal ImmigrationMoral and Ethical Issues in Hiring New EmployeesUnreasonable Searches and SeizuresInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesRelationship between Media Coverage and Social andStandardized TestingResearch Process Part OneNever Been Kicked Out of a Place This NiceThree Concepts of Psychodynamic

Google's 10th Birthday Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Google's 10th Birthday - Article Example Page initially set out to explore two main things from his choice of projects. These two things were: an exploration of the mathematical property of the worldwide web and an understanding of the worldwide web as an enormous graph. Terry Winograd, Page’s supervisor on the project encouraged him to press on with the project and since then Page has viewed this encouragement from his supervisor as the best advice ever received. At the inception of Google, page’s main concern was to find out which page linked to what page besides the numbers and natures of such linkages called backlinks. Hew, therefore, his project as â€Å"BackRub† and was soon joined by his friend and Stanford Ph.D. colleague Sergey Brin. Setting out from the Stanford homer page that Page had created, the ‘web crawler’ which was later to be called Google began to explore the worldwide web in 1996 and is aimed at gathering the backlink data as a measure of the importance of a given page. They then went on to develop a page Rank algorithm which was meant to rank backlinks ranked by importance for anyone given URL. This was a hit during this time because according to the two, listing backlinks in terms of importance would be more effective and efficient as opposed to the existing search engines that ranked the search results in terms of the number of times a search term appeared on a page. In conclusion of their project and in a test of their thesis, they realized that the pages that bore most backlinks to them from a number of associated relevant searches must be the pages which are most relevant for anyone given search.