Human resource Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Human resource Management - Essay ExampleHowever, this paper has selected work groups and teams come as the topic for discussion.Despite the fact that not much research has happened on groups and teams in organizations as challenge and issue for Human Resource Managers unless it definitely is one of the challenges and issues. Human resource manager in most of the cases assume the responsibility of all the human resource of the organization. However, interestingly, they do not propagate with each employee individually rather they also make their policies and strategies considering the work groups and teams (Mathis & Jackson, pp. 23-27). Therefore, it becomes extremely important for them to get a line groups and work teams, demeanors of individuals in groups and other myths and variables associated with groups and teams. Often managers fail to understand that dealing with groups is an entirely different dimension and requires special attention and homework from the managers. This paper would now discuss all the important elements, variables, concepts and issues related to groups and individual behavior in groups, followed by providing with solutions and tips and tricks for managers to deal with problems and issues presented earlier.One of the biggest issues that the HR managers encounter with groups is of their productivity and activity levels. Groups that are temporary in nature always come into founding for achieving some goals or objectives. However, they HR managers while performance appraisals find out and complain about their inefficiency and tendency to avoid work. They always seem to be kick that groups do not seem to be achieving their targets within the deadlines. This creates an environment of rift and tension and obviously leads to situations that are even more problematic and complex to handle. primary(prenominal) here to understand that research

Housing Organization Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Housing Organization - Case Study ExampleGFHA, on the other hand, appeared to have a more dictatorial style of management with a downward flow of communication. The newly created lodgment association would be establish in new offices located in the centre of the borough. The management considered centralisation to be beneficial, as it would assist in building bridges amongst residents living across the borough using their services. It would also assist staff in the association, to work more closely.Hatton Cross has experienced all the problems associated with management of change - communications being the world most affected. As a result it was feared that communications between them and their client base has also been compromised. Therefore, in an attempt to resolve any issues and improve communications the management have approached our consultancy firm.Reid and Hickman (2002) have emphasized the link between organisational development in accessible housing management systems and tenant participation. The paper shows that social housing organisations are increasingly taking up the role of learning organisations and highlights the importance of tenant participation arrangements in addition to providing opportunities for tenants to influence organisational decision making, Tenants and housing members thus not only change organisational management systems but helps in organisational learning, prompting and brings about organisational adaptation and change. The idea of a learning organisation has made a significant contribution in management consultancy and is not just a part of the management culture but also a part of the social system of housing management in government administrative agenda. The notion of a learning organisation in the context of housing organisation could be emphasised along with the fact that housing organisations are broadly focused on organisational commitment, responsivenes

The Recent History and Dynamics of Culture Essay

The Recent History and Dynamics of Culture - Essay Example communicate communication gave rise to stories, poetry and music in order to make remembering easier and communicating more entertaining. Written language changed the way we use our brains, and the impression press made knowledge available to all who could learn to read. This led to the rise of the middle classes, and to the development of the idea of a separation between the well-bred and the masses.Public education was one result of technology and the rising middle class, as order needed to train its best and brightest in order to nourish productivity and growth. The Internet has now eliminated the need for physical books and made this knowledge available to literally anyone in the world with a connection. The common thread here(predicate) is language, art and communication. Most parts of any culture fall under one of these categories. Law and government seem to be part of culture, but these be simply formal governance of the cultural values society. So culture is, essentially, everything involving more than one person in a society. This includes literature, music, art, value systems, behavioural norms, institutions, and the explanation and dissemination of each of these. Food, a major part of culture, is both ritual and art. Music and visual arts are products, and also mirrors, of the culture. However, more than anything else, a societys language and its texts represent its culture.... (Most Canadians or Australians did not make the cut either.) British and Western Europeans were the sole providers of literature. Cultured people were elite, so anything readily accessible by the masses was not a part of culture. This meant that even though cultured texts, music and art were available to everyone, only the nearly cultured could truly understand them, if they even read them. It required a great deal of education to read Homer in the original language, or to appreciate Opera without subtitles, or ballet, or to read works of learned men and discuss the myriad values of each. Theoretically, culture includes modern discourses that bridge the dissimilar disciplines which include culture as part of their inquiries. Certain critical practices for cultural analysis are used to create that discourse concerning cultural activities, products, and institutions (Jere Paul Surber). It has grow to this from the very narrow beginnings in Great Britain in the 18 century. Certain British universities instituted cultural studies in the 1950s. With this kind of base, cultural studies aims for a practical refresh of concrete and measurable factors that effect economic and political power. In its beginnings, culture was the pursuit of improvement of person among the aristocracy by virtue of education and practice. champion of the first developments of any culture is the appearance of its critics. Critics always try to define what they criticise in order to be able to define its value. This s ets them up to be the experts and that attracts people who need to feed their egos. In the late nineteenth century, people like Matthew Arnold saw culture more as a product than an manifestation of society. It was something to aspire to as it represented knowledge of the best

Telecom Call Center Research Technology Essay Example for Free

Telecom Call Center Research Technology EssayAccording to Malhotra (2004 5-6) interview is defined as an unstructured, subscribe to personal interview to uncover the underlying motivation, beliefs, attitudes and tintings on a topic. Thus if interviews argon used in this case the take ups will be quick reception from respondents, permits interviewer to delve deep into the topic, in that respect is allowance to discuss confidential, sensitive even embarrassing issues concerning the topic, and good understanding of complicated behavior (consumer behavior).Interviews have also there following limitations there costly, analysis of real prison term info is difficult to interpret, respondents bias like personal opinion concerning matter at hand, its generally time consuming. Survey entail a structured questionnaire given to sample population and designed to elicit specific information from respondents. Three orders exist in refresh i. Telephone interview- involves call uping a sample of respondents and asking them a series of questions. ii. Personal interviewing- can be through face to face, mall intercepted, computer aided interview.iii. Mail interview questionnaire is mailed to pre selected potential respondents. Through survey data collection is simpler through administration of questionnaires, data reliability as responses are expressage to the alternatives stated, analysis, coding and interpretation is relatively simpler. Its shortcomings include respondents unwilling to provide desired information, none response to sensitive or personal questions, failure to capture certain types of data as beliefs and attitude due to fixed response alternatives.According to Zbikowski,(2007) there are five KPIs that determine the performance of a call magnetic core and they are cost per call, customer satisfaction, initiatory contact resolution rate, agent utilization and aggregate call center performance. Thus in a call center, the most effective cost metric is cost per contact, and the best indicator of quality is customer satisfaction. Customer satisfaction is affected by a whole range of other performance variables, including Average Speed of Answer (ASA), Call Quality, and Handle Time, but the single biggest driver of customer satisfaction, by far, is, first contact resolution rate.The KPIs are effective as they handle customer needs from the time they make first contact to the call center to during the conversation and all the process that lead up to them ending the call. Research design is a plan according to which research participants are chosen, information still and data analysis and interpretation done. (Kotler et . al, 2006 100-105). This case the appropriate design to be used is descriptive study and both qualitative and quantitative approach.According to Malhotra et al (1996 10-12), a descriptive study has its objective as a description of something in regards to who, what, where and how of a phenomenon which is the con cern of the current study. The researcher should use survey method (questionnaires) to collect information from the respondents which will be recorded and findings reported. (Kotler et . al, 199920-25) explains that interviews are a proficiency that is primarily used to gain an understanding of the underlying reasons and motivations for peoples attitudes, preferences or behaviors.He further explains that they are good in that are completed and immediate, use recording equipment, good response rate, possible in-depth questions, can go over motives and feelings among others. These qualities of interviews facilitate the accurate collection of needed data as interviewee is on the spotlight thus tendency to relay accurate information. The main limitation of descriptive study is that you cannot identify the cause behind a phenomenon you can just describe and report the observation.Informal Questions The following sets of questions are to be responded to by a manager of a call center. 1) Are call centers profitable to organizations? This is to establish if call centers are really needed. 2) What are the challenges of running call centers? To get the feel of the every day hustles at the call centers. 3) Are there any frequently asked questions from the customers? To identify if they keep a database of constantly asked questions (record keeping). 4) Is industry competitive? settle if center is analyses there markets for factors that can affect there profitability 5) What is the level of innovation in the industry? To find out if the centers are constantly face for better technologies to serve their customers. 6) What is level of regulation from concerned ministries? To establish if there set minimum threshold by the government they are required to bear by. selective information Collection Mugenda (1999 46-58) there exits two broad types of data collection methods primary and secondary data.Where possible, data should be salt away from several sources to crosscheck for errors. Primary data is data originated by the researcher for the purpose of research problem, this could be through observation, focus groups, depth interview and survey methods. Secondary data is the type collected for other purposes other than the problem at hand. Secondary Data- can be further divided into external and internal data. Internal data is data ready(prenominal) within the organization for which research is being conducted.In this case any information gathered from visit of one or numerous call centers is assort internal data. External data is data that originates from sources outside the organization, like from journals, books, newspapers, reports, magazines periodicals. For our case external sources form the backbone of all the data which translates into information regarding this research problem. Data Sampling Malhotra (2004 20-33) data take in is a definite plan for obtaining facts from a given population, its normally done so as to reduce number of subjec ts to be studied.Sampling method can either be probability based or non probability based. Probability based is a random sampling technique where every item of the population has an equal chance of inclusion in sample. Under probability based the researcher can use cluster sampling because its used when impossible to obtain a sampling frame because population is either too big or scattered over a large geographical area like collection of data from numerous call centers. Non probability is a method where the chance of selecting a population constituent is unknown.Under non probability researcher can use purposive sampling because it allows researcher to use cases that have required information with respect to the research problem, or snowball sampling where identified subjects with the desired characteristics help name others that they know have the required characteristics until researcher gets the number of cases he/she wants. Surveys Interviews Orodho (200015-18) explains that t he choice of method is influenced by the data collection strategy, the type of variable, the accuracy required, the collection point and the skill of the enumerator.Call centers data is constantly changing and thus data collection should be conducted at sufficient intervals. Malhotra (2004 6-7) For interviews the use of depth interviews will be appropriate which is an unstructured direct, personal interview in which a single respondent is probed by an interviewer to uncover underlying motivation, beliefs, attitudes and feelings on a topic. The use of structured questionnaires assist to collect some other data that interviews could not collect, thus avoidance of circumlocution and errors. Research is basically collection of as much relevant raw data as possible and analysis of it to information.Mostly the upside is the personal gain in knowledge discover findings/statistics, personal/societal recognition and some financial gain. The downside can be possession of information that can be a security risk, financial constrains and time management issues. Research therefore only lays down the facts the interpretation should on individual basis, like the recent study that shows persons are highly likely to contact diseases when taking a shower due to accumulation of micro organisms together with rust at the head of the shower. (Harriet grunter February, 2006)References Donald, K. , and Delno, L. , (2006), Proposal and Thesis writing, Paulines Publications Africa, Nairobi, pp 156-158. Einwiller, S. and Will, M. (2002), Towards an integrated approach to corporate branding an empirical study, Corporate Communications, Vol. 7 No. 2, p. 100. Kotler, P. , Armstrong, G. , (2002, Principles of marketing, 11th ed. , Prentice Hall, Upper attach river. Kotler, P. , Armstrong, G. , Saunders, J. and Wong, V. (1999), Principles of Marketing, 2nd ed. , Prentice Hall, Harlow. Leonard, B. , Parasuraman, A. , and Zeithmal, V.(1993), Ten lessons of improving service quality, MSI re port, Cambridge marketing science institute. Malhotra, (1996), Research Methodology, Phoenix Publications, Africa Nairobi. Margulies, W. (1977). Make the most of your Corporate Identity. Harvard Business Review, pp 66-77. Mugenda, O. , and Mugenda, A. , (1999), Research methods duodecimal and Qualitative Approaches, Acts press, Nairobi. Orodho, John Aluko (2000), Elements of Research Methods, Masola Publishers, Nairobi Kenya. www. cwu. edu/jefferis www. callcentermagazine. com www. call-center-metrics. com www. metricnet. com www. alive. com

Ginsbergs friends Essay Example for Free

Ginsbergs friends EssayHowl is a dive into the other the St take ins, the city of night, the city of outcasts, beatniks and all those branded mad by rhythmical society. The poem is for Carl Solomon, one of Ginsbergs friends, who was assigned to mental asylum Rockland where youre madder than I am, as Ginsberg states in the first declivity of the third stanza. But all the stylus through he is with him, declaring himself one with Solomon and as such with everyone who is considered an outcast, anyone who dares to go against the flow and herd-like mentality of his time. Howl is a comment on the stifling conformity of America of that time, being the Eisenhower era. The poem crosses many barriers. References to drugs abound, and Ginsberg himself has declared many times how he wrote the poem under the influence of peyote in an attempt to broaden the works of the mind. The first stanza is a 78-line volcanic outburst of spontaneity in which Ginsberg presents through a stream of conscio usness-technique image after image of the rejects of new society, who ate kick upstairs in paint hotels or drank turpentine in Paradise Alley, death, or purgatoried their torsos night after night with dreams, with drugs, with waking nightmares, alcohol and cock and endless balls (Howl, line 10, 11). Grammatical rules are challenged in Howl.The only way to present the truth is to allow this long stream of thoughts to be poured out uninterrupted, spontaneous and dense, leaving the endorser time to reflect upon what has been said, as the next image is al statey being presented, and after that another one and so on. The words follow the pattern of indwelling breathing and after the necessary pause for air, a new image follows before the reader can reflect upon the next image.The poem has to be read from beginning to end, as it is an indivisible unity. The city that had an overall positive portrayal in Leaves of Grass has become a bleak world where artificial hop out and colors domi nate the landscape. Whitmans seas of bright juice have been exchanged for neon lights. The excitement for the dawn of the age of democracy has waned, as each individual became a replica of another, mimicking the patterns and behavior of each other creating a monotonous existence with no room for all those who are different, who want to be different, and who aspire to do something different.In a world where being different is frowned upon, there is little hope for individuality and freedom, and Ginsberg created a world for all whose existence is being denied by society in his poetry. The way to achieve this is through an unrestricted outpouring of truth. To do this, the poet has to expand his boundaries, and Ginsberg did this literally. Ginsberg went on the road to further explore the world or so him.Only then can he look for eternity who drove cross-country seventy-two hours to find out if I had a vision or you had a vision or he had a vision to find out Eternity (Howl, line 60). W e find the same quest for eternity in line 54, where it is linked to the wish to cross the boundaries of time who threw their watches off the roof to cast their ballot for Eternity outside of Time, alarm clocks fell on their heads every day for the next decade. In the second stanza, Ginsberg evokes the Moloch line after line, like a chant or hymn.The Moloch is clearly a reference to modern society. Once more we discover how the city, still full of hope in Whitmans world, has left modern man destitute What sphinx of cement and aluminum bashed open their skulls and ate up their brains and imagination? (79). In the modern world, there is no place for outcasts, run as it is by money Moloch whose buildings are judgment Moloch whose blood is course money Whereas Whitman was positive about the city extending its boundaries upwards, in Ginsbergs world this has become a burden They broke their backs lifting Moloch to Heaven

Competitive Advantage of Wal Mart Essay Example for Free

Competitive Advantage of Wal Mart EssayEvery company is trying to avoiding failure and the goal is to assimilate a sustaining competitive advantage. But when do companies have a sustainable competitive advantage? It depends on three factors the barriers to imitation, the capability of competitors and the dynamism of the industry development.In the 1970s Wal Mart lost their competitive advantage. Sears had a better positioning like Wal Mart. Therefore Wal Mart distinguished the situation and improved its distribution constitution. It created new-made trade channels to save costs and invest in new information technology to improve their situation. Wal Mart found a way to substitute their strategies and structures to change their competitive conditions. Over time, Wal Mart got strong partnerships with suppliers. This was a key element to improve their performance on the market and its not comfy to imitate. Those partnerships work now since a long time and other competitors mig ht lack the volume of purchases Wal Mart trick offer.With some diversifications like Sams Club, a new way of supercenters or their plan for the international expansion Wal Mart was able to confine from their competitors. Wal-Mart was the first low price company and retailer which expanded around the world. The CEO of Wal Mart focused on small-town markets and ignored the national discounters. So, Wal Mart has huge distribution capabilities and this is very difficult to imitate from competitors.The near significant advantage of Wal Mart is their using of the satellite system. They are using this system to compress their costs and get a distinguished communication system with all employees to every time.The overall achieved employee satisfaction has the advantage of highly motivated employees. This is an overall management issue and when the employees are motivated, the customers are feeling good and intimately served.In future, Wal-Mart was committed to find new ways to have the c ompetitive advantage of the market. They invest in different strategies like trendy fashions, offering organic fertiliser food and remodeling stores to achieve a high satisfaction during the shopping by customers. So, they were able to use the economic crisis to win new customers. A lot of community search after low price shopping possibilities. So investors cheered at Wal-Mart and the company outperformed both rival target and the SP 500 index.Wal Mart holds its quality collect to the constant low priced policy. This EDLP is not easy to replicate unless you can offer consistently low prices.On account of the points Wal Mart is able to secure a sustaining competitive advantage at the moment. They are reacting directly and design their company with the time and respond on their employees and customers. Their competitors are able to imitate their policies but this cant happen within the next year because Wal Marts advantages are way to complex. As long as Wal Mart is always develop ing its competencies and keeping on track with the environmental changes, they do have a sustainable competitive advantage in the US.

The Sovereignty EU Parliament

The S everywhereeignty EU ParliamentSovereignty of part States (UK) after joining European trades union structures does it still exist?It is weighty set-back to address what the perception of the precept of supremacy is to then examine what effect membership of the European Union has had on the sovereignty of the United Kingdom Parliament. The doctrine of Parliamentary sovereignty in the UK can be traced back to the Glorious Revolution of 1688, which is considered by some as being one of the most important events in the long evolution of the findive powers of Parliament, establishing the superiority of statute over prerogative powers. Parliaments legislative supremacy involves not only the chasten to change the law, but that they alone should have that right. By the sovereignty of Parliament it is meant that there argon no constitutional limitations on legislative powers of Parliament the baron in Parliament, through which a Bill approved by the House of Commons and House o f Lords receives Royal Assent and becomes an shape of Parliament. It also extends to include the ideal that the courts ar under an obligation to give effect to legislation passed by Parliament, and not to question Parliamentary decisions embodied in statute. Thus defined, dicey express of Parliament, which is had under the English constitution, the right to hold up or unmake any law whatever and further that no person or body is treasure by the law of England as having a right to override or set aside the legislation of Parliament.(Dicey, The Law of the Constitution 1885 p39-40). This nominatement by Dicey exemplifies the classic interpretation of the doctrine of Parliamentary sovereignty. However, the Diceyan concept of the absolute, infinite sovereignty of Parliament is considered out of date and therefore in need of being revised.The violation of European law on the sovereignty of Member States is one of the most controversial aspects of its working. Sovereignty is gener all(prenominal)y taken to be the capacity of a state for independent action both within and outside its own territory. That explanation may be broken down into three elements. First, and most importantly in the context of international law, comes external sovereignty or the capacity of a state freely to determine its relations with other states or international organisations. A state possessing such capacity is clearly independent of other states. So, in this context, independence is a near synonym for external sovereignty.The counter part of (and demand condition for) external sovereignty is internal sovereignty which is a states exclusive right and jurisdiction to establish its own internal institutions, to make the necessary arrangements for their working, to legislate for all purposes and to secure observance of such legislation. Finally territorial sovereignty is the exclusive liberty which a state may good example over anything or anybody within, above or beneath its terr itory. This includes the jealousy guarded right to regulate access to the air space above the territory or, for example, to bewitch foreign submarines which encroach within the territorial waters of a maritime country.Clearly, sovereignty as so defined cannot be absolute. All states must respect the sovereignty of others and accept limitations to their sovereignty stemming either from their interaction with other states or, for example, from treaties which they have entered into.Sovereignty is defined as the ultimate over arrestr or supreme authority in a state. In a state sovereignty is vested in the institution, person, or body to impose law on everyone else and to alter any exist law. The word sovereignty is also defined in another ways. Nation states are said to renounce part of their sovereignty, for example by signing a Treaty or by ascertaining to an EU Directive which removes the right of decision from the national organization or fantan in a particular field. Or they ar e said to share sovereignty by agreeing to common action though EU institutions, thus participating in decisions taken by the EU in accordance with its procedures, and no longer retaining the right to act unilaterally. In this use of sovereignty it virtually means the same as freedom to descend unilaterally.Before analyzing sovereignty of UK after joining the EU, it is important to outline the reasoning for the supremacy of Community Law from the Community point of view, and then a definition of Parliamentary sovereignty will be given. To summarise the Community view on supremacy according to the Court of Justice is that Community law, because of its unique nature, denies the Member States the right to resolve conflicts of law by reference to their own rules or constitutional provisions. Community law obtains its supremacy because of the transfer of state power and sovereignty to the Community by the Member States in those areas agreed. Furthermore, the Member States have provided the Community with legislative powers to enable it to perform its tasks. There would be no point in such a transfer of powers if the Member States could annul or suspend the effect of Community law by later national law or provisions of the constitutions. If that were allowed to be the case, the existence of the Community legal order and the Community itself would be called into question.A precondition of the existence and functioning of the Community is the uniform and unvarying application of Community law and the Community legal order in all the Member States. It can only achieve such an effect if it takes precession over national law. Therefore the legal and logical consequence of this is that any provision of national law which conflicts with Community law must be invalid. promptly that the supremacy of the Community has been considered, Parliamentary sovereignty must now be considered.Basically, in terms of dicey, the doctrine of Parliamentary sovereignty means that there ar e no legal limitations of Parliament and it has the right to make or unmake any law whatsoever. Further, no person or body is recognised as having a right to override or set aside the legislation of Parliament. The doctrine also implies that it is impossible to bind future Parliaments. Any subsequent identification number expressly or impliedly overrides a prior crook and even international treaties can be expressly overridden by municipal.The UKs membership of the European Union produces difficult questions of competing supremacies of Parliament and the primacy of EU law. Britains accession to the European Economic Community on 1st January 1973, was described by Anthony King as having deep constitutional consequences. (Does the United Kingdom Still Have a Constitution? 2001 p54) Britains application for membership was made in 1967, the Treaty of Accession write on 22nd January 1972 and this was implemented by the European Communities Act 1972. The basis of this Act was a white paper published by the Labour government in 1967, intended to address the constitutional implications of membership of the EC. The paper pointed out that the effect of the UK adhering in advance to future instruments imposed by the Community institutions had no precedent in this country, and would result in a constitutional innovation. Whether this innovation could be successfully implemented was never resolved before the unveiling of the 1972 Act.Many have said since our membership in 1973 that our sovereignty has been said to be handed over to the EU. The issues surrounding sovereignty in the UK system are affected by Britains membership of the European Union (EU). The laws of the EU are binding on all member states, and therefore, take precedence over British domestic law. Apart from a few exceptions, EU legislation automatically becomes law within the UK, irrespective of the opinion of the British Parliament. Although this is the case, parliament could agree to repeal previous legislation, withdraw from the EU to demonstrate that parliamentary sovereignty still exists. Therefore this leads to the argument that Britain has kept its sovereignty with the fact that it could pass an Act to, renounce the Treaty, or would that be an illegal act of rebellion? (Norman Tebbit Nov. 1998) However, I believe this to be unlikely unless one of the mainstream political parties were to adopt a conceptive anti-EU policy. The 1986 Single European Act and the Maastrict Treaty can be seen as reducing Britains sovereignty since they have extended the range of policy areas on which the EU can legislate. This has caused many British Conservative members of the European Parliament to continually vote against many proposals, not because they necessarily disagree with them, but that they esteem they should be dealt with at a national level.Upon Britains accession to the EU in 1973, direct effect was accepted by us pretty much immediately. However this was completely opposite whe n it came to the United Kingdom accepting the supremacy of EU law. This was seen to be a problem because the doctrine conflicts centrally with the concept of having British constitution of parliamentary sovereignty. The acts of parliament override all existing law or legislation.However in 1990 the House of Lords found a way to submit British parliamentary sovereignty and supremacy. As on a reference from the House of Lords, the European Court of Justice ruled that a 1988 act of British parliament was in breach of EU law. The House of Lords accepted the judgement on the grounds that in passing the 1972 act of accession to the EU, British parliament had voluntarily accepted the EU legal system of which the supremacy of EU law is a central part. The House of Lords also argued that this does not compromise parliamentary sovereignty, as a future British parliament could repeal this act of accession. (The political system of the European Union, Simon Hix, Macmillan Press, London, page 1 17)Britains entry into the European Treatys has attracted immense reform, as British Parliament must legislate in conjunction with EU law. And Acts and Laws already in existence must be interpreted to correct to EU Law, and the State has to ensure that all EU law is transposed and implemented accurately. This puts a huge strain on the Courts whilst ruling, thus making a mockery of Precedent as any case incorporating EU legislation can only be considered using the purposive approach, in order that EU directive can be met. So then this means that Britain has not in fact reserved its sovereignty as promised when first mentioned to the public all those years before.To understand the concept, we first need to acknowledge the unwritten code of the constitution and its efforts to ensure that Parliament is the executive law producing body of the land. And so, any Act of Parliaments will need to be adhered to directly by the applicable national court. In the case of Regina v Secretary of S tate for Transport, ex parte Factortame it is easy to see the ingratiating manoeuvres of The House of Lords as it bows to supremacy of EU law.