Mental Lexicon Definition and Examples in English

Mental Lexicon Definition and Examples in English In psycholinguistics, a people disguised information on the properties of words. Otherwise called a psychological word reference. There are different meanings of mental dictionary. In their book The Mental Lexicon: Core Perspectives (2008), Gonia Jarema and Gary Libben endeavor this definition: The psychological vocabulary is the subjective framework that comprises the limit with regards to cognizant and oblivious lexical movement. The term mental dictionary was presented by R.C. Oldfield in the article Things, Words and the Brain (Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, v. 18, 1966). Models and Observations The way that a speaker can intellectually discover the word that he/she needs in under 200 milliseconds, and in specific cases, even before it is heard, is verification that the psychological dictionary is requested so as to encourage access and retrieval.(Pamela B. Faber and Ricardo Mairal Usã ³n, Constructing a Lexicon of English Verbs. Walter de Gruyter, 1999)The Dictionary Metaphor-What is this psychological word reference, or vocabulary, as? We can consider it as like a printed word reference, that is, as comprising of pairings of implications with sound portrayals. A printed word reference has recorded at every section a way to express the word and its definition as far as different words. Along these lines, the psychological vocabulary must speak to probably a few parts of the significance of the word, albeit clearly not similarly as does a printed word reference; in like manner, it must incorporate data about the way to express the word albeit, once more, presumably not in a similar structure as a conventional dictionary.(D. Fay and A. Cutler, Malapropisms and the Structure of the Mental Lexicon. Phonetic Inquiry, 1977)- Theâ humanâ word-store is regularly alluded to as the psychological dictionaryâ or, maybe more generally, as theâ mentalâ lexicon, to utilize the Greek word for word reference. There is, be that as it may, generally little comparability between the words in our psyches and the words in book word references, despite the fact that the data will now and again cover. . . .[E]ven if the psychological vocabulary ends up being mostly sorted out as far as starting sounds, the request will positively not be clearly in order. Different parts of the words sound structure, for example, its completion, its pressure design and the focused on vowel, are for the most part prone to assume a job in the course of action of words in the mind.Furthermore, consider a discourse blunder, for example, The occupants of the vehicle were safe. where the spea ker probably intended to state travelers instead of occupants. Such mix-ups show that, not at all like bookâ dictionaries, humanâ mental dictionariesâ cannot be composed exclusively based on sounds or spelling. Which means must be thought about also, since people off and on again mistake words for comparable implications, as in Please give me the tin-opener when the speaker needs to separate a nut, so probably implied nut-crackers.(Jean Aitchison, Words in the Mind: An Introduction to the Mental Lexicon. Wiley-Blackwell, 2003) An Australians Mental LexiconEven with hard yakka, youve got Buckleys of understanding this dinkum English sentence, except if youre an Aussie.An Australian has no trouble understanding the above sentence, while other English speakers may battle. The words yakka, Buckleys, and dinkum are in the jargon of most Australians, that is, they are put away as passages in the psychological vocabulary, and in this way an Australian approaches the implications of these words and can therefore fathom the sentence. In the event that one had no psychological vocabulary, correspondence through language would be precluded.(Marcus Taft, Reading and the Mental Lexicon. Brain research Press, 1991)

Controversy Essay

Discussion Essay Discussion Essay Debate Essay: Choosing Controversy Essay Topics To compose a decent debate exposition deserving of consideration, you have to begin the way toward composing with a cautious decision of a decent theme. The first and the most significant issue to remember is that such subjects as premature births, gay appropriation, or creature experimentation are done intriguing to investigate. Your educator needs to see new points and new thoughts. Hence, start your exploration and be innovative: One of the significant components of contention paper composing is the benefit of being not interested in the subject. While it is not really conceivable to have no feeling on the issue, abstain from picking the subjects that make you excessively energetic. For instance, if are emphatically against smoking openly puts, you will bomb composing a decent contention article in any event since you need to introduce the two sides of the contention. The second basic part of fruitful discussion paper composing is association of your thoughts. The most suggested structure is the accompanying: presentation, your most grounded point, second most grounded point, contradicting point, nullification, third most grounded point, and end that repeats your key focuses. Obviously, you won't prevail with regards to composing solid contention exposition in the event that you do exclude explicit guides to help your focuses. Along these lines, give sufficient opportunity to peruse various articles, glance through books, and surf the Internet. Remember about refering to all obtained data! You would prefer not to get F for appropriating, isn't that right? Utilize Custom Essay Writing Services for Your Benefits On the off chance that composing a contention exposition is a genuine cerebral pain for you, we offer a chance to exploit our expert custom article composing administrations. We will assist you with the decision of the subject, plot, research, composing, and altering. Subsequently, you don't need to spend unlimited hours in agonizing inquiry of the theme and drafting of your discussion paper. Obviously, you ought to never subscribe to the administration that raises worries about authenticity. We are among the couple of locales that satisfy their guarantees. We comply with time constraints and we don't work with ESL scholars. Working with our expert group, you get the best outcomes inside the most limited cutoff time. Truly, we can convey a 5-page contention exposition in 24 hours! It ought to be noticed that we don't exchange conveyed papers. At the end of the day, your paper is unique and composed without any preparation. Also, no customer will ever have the option to gain admittance to your debate paper. We treasure the trust of our customers, and attempt our best to meet necessities of each client. Understand more: Science Research Paper Research Papers Proposal Research Paper Thesis Research Paper Ideas Research Paper Format

4 Pitfalls of Remote Work (and How to Overcome Them)

4 Pitfalls of Remote Work (and How to Overcome Them) About 10 years ago, working from home (or anywhere away from the office) was virtually unheard of.As the internet became more ubiquitous and the knowledge-based economy started becoming mainstream, however, it became possible to work from anywhere in the world, and professionals started embracing the concept of working remotely.Still, a lot of people did not believe in this model of working. Since the adoption of remote work was chiefly driven by millennials, it was treated as another “annoying” millennial fad that would quickly fade away.Today, however, working remotely has become the future of work, giving millennials another chance to prove critics wrong.According to a Global State of Remote Work report by Owl Labs, which polled over 3000 workers from all over the world, 18% of employees work from home full time, 52% work remotely at least once per week, and 68% work remotely at least once per month.The same survey also reports that 16% of global companies are fully remote (no offices or headquarters.Everyone works from wherever they choose), while 40% of global companies use a hybrid model where employees have the choice of working either remotely or within the office.According to another worldwide remote workers survey by PGI, 50% of employees who work remotely part-time reported that they wanted to increase the number of hours they work remotely.In addition, 60% of employees who work remotely part-time said that they would leave their current positions for another job at the same pay rate if the new job allowed them to work remotely full time.Yet another survey by Stack Overflow found that 53% of developers reported that the ability to work remotely was a top priority for them when considering a new job.Below are some more statistics about remote work: Remote work statistics in the US. Source: SlideshareAll the above statistics show that remote work is fast becoming the preferred mode of working, and we can expect the number of people who work remotely to continue growing.But why is remote working becoming so popular?There are a number of reasons, which include: LESS TIME SPENT COMMUTINGLet’s face it.Commuting to and from work wastes a lot of time.In the UK, the average person spends about 60 â€" 80 minutes every day on the commute to and from work.Since this is just the average, there are people who spend up to two hours in traffic to and from work every single day.Not only does this waste time, it is also bad for the environment (increased carbon footprint) and may even lead to stress.According to a report by the UK’s Royal Society for Public Health, over 50% of workers experience stress that can be directly attributed to long commute times.Working from home saves workers from these long commutes, which translates into less t ime wasted (increased productivity), less environmental impact on the environment, and reduced levels of stress.FLEXIBLE SCHEDULEWorking remotely, especially for those who work remotely full time, means that you have the freedom to schedule your day as you wish.For instance, if you work as a content creator or a web developer, you have the freedom to do your work at whatever time suits you best, provided you don’t miss your deadlines.If you prefer working at night, you can do it without having to worry about the office being closed.Even for those who have to work remotely within the constraints of a normal work day, you still have the freedom to take breaks you wouldn’t be able to take at the office, and what’s more, you can use these breaks in ways you wouldn’t be able to at the office.For instance, if you are feeling strung after an hour of intense concentration on a project, you can take a 15 minute break to either take a refreshing power nap, do some yoga, or anything el se that helps you to rejuvenate yourself effectively.At the office, the most you can do is to go through your social media or take a bathroom/smoking break.INCREASED PRODUCTIVITYThis might come as a surprise, but working from home (or the nearby coffee shop) can also make you more productive.According to a survey conducted by Vodafone, 83% of respondents claimed that the flexibility that comes with working remotely makes them more productive.Another study conducted by Stanford professor Nicholas Bloom over a period of two years also found that employees who worked remotely were more productive compared to their colleagues who worked from the office.There are a number of reasons why working from home makes one more productive.First, since remote workers don’t have to waste their time in traffic, they actually work more hours than those who have to commute to the office.Second, remote workers can work without distractions from their colleagues.Video conferencing meetings also tend t o take less time compared to in-person meetings, which leaves remote workers with more time to work.Finally, the flexibility of working from home makes employees happier and increases their enjoyment of work, which in turn leads to a boost in motivation and productivity.IT SAVES YOU MONEYOnce you start working from home, you will notice a huge difference in how much money you spend every month.The most obvious source of savings is the money you would have spent on bus fare or gas in order to get to the office.However, there are several other opportunities for saving that come with working remotely.Since you are working from home, you will make your own food, which will save you from having to spend on the expensive lunches at that fancy café next to your office block.No buying coffees on your way to work in the morning.You also won’t need to purchase two sets of clothes, one for the office and one for everyday life.At home, you can even work in your pajamas if you so wish.THE PIT FALLS OF REMOTE WORKWhile working remotely certainly has a lot of advantages, this is not to say that it is not without its challenges.If you ask anyone who routinely works from home, they will tell you that it’s not all rainbows, butterflies, and unicorns.After numerous conversations with people who work remotely (I being one of them), I have noticed that there are four pitfalls of remote work that stand out. Below are the four pitfalls, and how to overcome them.1. Working Too MuchA lot of managers are reluctant about having their employees work remotely because they think that the lack of physical, in-person supervision means that the employees will slack off. Nothing could be farther from the truth.If anything, the opposite is what happens â€" employees working remotely tend to work more than they normally do at the office.Under the traditional model of working, leaving the office means that you have switched off work. People calling your office telephone won’t be able to rea ch you till the next morning.Similarly, work emails will go unchecked until you get to the office the next morning.When your work and your personal life take place within the same environment, however, it becomes harder to set boundaries between work and personal life.If you work from home, colleagues, bosses, and clients can easily reach you through your cell phone or home telephone, regardless of the time of day.Unlike at the office where you might want to leave early to catch the train or beat the evening traffic, you don’t have to worry about such things when working from home, which might lead to the temptation to work on that exciting project for longer than you would have done at the office.If you work from the office, anything you remember while after leaving the office will have to wait till you get to the office the next morning.When everything you need to work is right there with you, however, you are more likely to give in to the temptation to do one little thing just before bed, and before you know it, you are still working past midnight.When working from home, the lines between work and personal time blur and work becomes never-ending, something that can even lead to exhaustion and burnout.How to Avoid Working Too MuchIf you feel like you are working too much when working from home, below are some tips that will help you avoid exhaustion and burnout from too much work.Set appointments at the end of the work day: At the office, there will be always be something to remind you that the work day is over â€" other colleagues leaving the office, need to catch the bus or beat traffic, and so on. At home, without such things to remind you that the work day is over, it is easy to find yourself working past your normal work hours. A good way to prevent this is to have something scheduled for the end of the work day that forces you to stop working. This could be a daily evening walk, a daily trip to the gym, a book-reading appointment, and so on. Basicall y, have something that you need to do after work.Set up reminders for breaks: When working at home, it is also quite easy to forget about taking breaks. This is because you don’t have to walk around to consult colleagues, get to meetings and so on. To deal with this, you need to set up reminders to take short breaks every couple of hours. A good way is to schedule your day using the Pomodoro technique.Let your colleagues know when your day is done, then shut down your computer: One of the things that keeps remote workers working beyond the normal working day is requests from colleagues. A colleague who is working late will figure that, since you are working from home, you can handle a quick request from them, even if it is past working hours. After all, you are still “in the office.” To avoid this, make it clear to your colleagues that your working hours are over. Follow this with shutting down your computer, or at least logging off Slack, or whatever tool your organization us es to communicate. If you claim that your working hours are over but then stick around on Slack for an extra hour, someone is bound to ask you to do something for them.Have a physical boundary for your workspace: The best way of separating your work from personal time when working at home is to have a dedicated home office. This way, once you are done working, you can walk out of the office like everyone else. If you don’t have a dedicated home office, the next best thing to do is to put your laptop away so that you don’t end up being tempted to continue working.2. Lack of CommunityIf you are an introvert who’s happiest when you are enjoying your own company, you would probably give anything for the opportunity to work from home.Most of us, however, are not introverts. We thrive in situations that allow us to have interactions with fellow humans.Working within an office environment provides you with the perfect opportunity to interact with other people.You can talk to your col leagues when asking about a project, have moments of interaction at the water cooler, and perhaps even have lunch or after work drinks with them. Your colleagues form a social circle around you that keeps you going.Working from home, on the other hand, deprives you of this opportunity to interact with colleagues. There are no colleagues to talk to. There is no colleague to go for lunch or after work drinks with.During your short trip to the water cooler, the only thing living thing you will encounter is your cat â€" if you have one that is.If you live alone, you might even go for days without an in-person interaction with another human being.This can lead to a life of loneliness, or a hermit like existence where you even become scared of going out in public and interacting with other people. In extreme situations, it can even lead to depression.Granted, even as a remote worker, you can’t escape communicating with other people.You will have to write emails to clients, interact with your colleagues through phone calls and communication applications like Slack, attend the occasional video meeting, and so on.However, these interactions with other people through a computer screen do not create the sense of community and connection that comes with interacting with other people in person.How to Avoid a Life of Loneliness as a Remote WorkerIf you are the introverted type, working in solitude might not be a huge challenge for you.If you thrive from social interactions, however, you need to take some action to avoid falling into a reclusive life.Below are some tips on how to avoid a life of loneliness as a remote worker:Make social breaks a part of your schedule: Include activities that require you to spend some time outside your home into your daily or weekly schedule. For instance, you could schedule lunch or drinks with friends about two or three days a week. Even something as simple as going to the gym every evening can provide that connection to other people.Donâ €™t work from home every day: The beauty of remote work is that it can be done from anywhere. Instead of working all alone at home, why not carry your laptop to the library, a nearby coffee shop, or even a co-working space near you? Working from such spaces allows you to socialize with other people while still giving you the freedom that comes with working remotely.Find opportunities for socializing: Join a local group or organization with regular activities, take some dance classes, join a book club, or basically anything else that gives you a chance to interact with other people.3. MiscommunicationAs a remote worker, majority of your communication with clients, colleagues, and bosses is done online â€" email, communication tools, project management tools, text message and other instant messaging apps, and so on.With so many platforms through which communication can be made, it is very easy to miss some messages.In addition, communication through written text is not the most effect ive mode of communication.When talking to someone in person, the message is conveyed not only through what is said, but through non-verbal aspects of communication, such as tone of voice, facial expressions, gestures, and so on.When communicating through email or Slack, these non-verbal cues are not there, which makes messages prone to misinterpretations, leading to miscommunication and misunderstandings.If you work remotely while some of your colleagues work in the office, it is inevitable that there will be things that will be said informally that won’t make it to you.In such cases, it is very easy to assume that your colleagues are sidelining you and making decisions without your input.All these issues can break down the communication process and even lead to bad blood between you and your colleagues.How to Avoid Breakdown of CommunicationPreventing the breakdown of communication boils down to two things. First, you and your organization should decide on one chief mode of commu nication.For instance, if you decide that Slack is the main mode of communication, all communication should be made through Slack.This way, people will be less likely to miss messages sent on another platform. Second, you should get in the habit of seeking and providing clarification for anything that could be potentially misinterpreted.In addition, if there are some colleagues that work in the office while you work remotely, you should have someone in the office to update you on anything important that might have been said informally.4. Loss of Productivity Due to DistractionsI mentioned earlier that working remotely helps increase productivity by reducing distractions from colleagues.Sometimes, however, working from home might also have its own share of distractions that you wouldn’t encounter at the office.A neighbor might be playing excessively loud music, there might a very interesting program on the TV, a friend might drop by unannounced, or if you don’t live alone, family members might make it hard for you to concentrate on your work.This is especially true when you have small kids in the house. Small kids might not understand that you have to work and are not available for play.They will keep interrupting you and make it almost impossible for you to get anything done.How to Deal With Distractions at HomeWhile it is impossible to avoid all distractions, there are some strategies that you can still use to minimize distractions while working from home. These include:Set up a home office: This is the best way to minimize distractions. If you work from the couch or the kitchen, it can be quite a challenge keeping your family members from disturbing you while you work. If you have a home office, however, they will understand that you are in work mode and are not to be disturbed. You can even lock the door to ensure kids do not come barging in and distracting you.Have a signal to let others know you are in work mode: If you do not have a dedicated home of fice space and have to work from a shared space, have a signal that let’s your family members know that you are busy and are not to be disturbed. This could be something like putting on your headphones, placing a “do not disturb” sign on the kitchen/bedroom door, and so on.Get childcare: If you have very young kids, it is essential for you to get someone to care for the child, because it will be impossible for you to work when the child needs your attention.Explain to your family members that you need to concentrate: If your kids are older or if you have your spouse in the house with you, let them know that it is absolutely important for you to concentrate and that they should not disturb you. Have them find something to occupy themselves with while you are working.Find somewhere else to work: If it becomes utterly impossible for you to avoid distractions while working from home, find a place with less distractions to work from, such as the library or a co-working space.WRAPPI NG UPWhile the trend of working remotely is increasingly becoming very popular, it is not without its challenges.The four major challenges experienced by those working remotely are working too much, lack of community and social interaction, breakdown of communication and loss of productivity because of distractions.Despite these pitfalls, working remotely can be very rewarding, and the good thing is, we have already shown you how to overcome them.All you need to do now is to follow the tips shared above to enjoy the awesome benefits of working remotely.

How Political Parties Harm Democracy - 1957 Words

Roy Young Professor Goodman PSCI 4300 U.S. Congress 11 March 2013 How Political Parties Harm Democracy Political parties exist in a democracy as a way for likeminded individuals to be united over a set of shared beliefs. (Daniel) Political parties allow the members of the party to elect politicians to government positions in order to advance their beliefs. (Hargrave) The political parties offer their members strength in numbers, by uniting large numbers of individuals into a collective group; they can select the best candidates to pursue their interests, as opposed to having thousands of individuals running for office based on a very narrow spectrum of beliefs. (Daniel) While political parties help organize the election process and†¦show more content†¦The ways in which people vote have led to a situation where there are two political parties that dominate the elections. This leads to an inability of the voters to choose the candidates of their likings. The existence of political parties has led to a situation in the United States that is inconsistent with the intentions of a representational style of government that the country was formed on. The existence of these political parties has taken much of the power and ability to control the government away from the citizens. (Hargrave) The United States government is set up in a way that allows the people to elect individuals that they see best fit for serving their needs and desires. This is evident in the House of Representatives. In the House of Representatives, each representative is elected by the people of his district. The citizens of each district vote on the candidate that will best serve their needs once in Washington D.C. (Davidson) Although the representatives are elected based on their promises to their constituencies, they face a great challenge once in office, and that is the political party to which they belong. While serving in the House of Representatives, th e individual congressmen that are elected by the citizens of their districts are expected to comply with the beliefs of the political party that they belong to. By having to vote on issues based on theShow MoreRelatedThe Detrimental Practice of Gerrymandering1004 Words   |  5 Pagespractices exist that greatly harm the American public. One of these dangerous practices, known as gerrymandering, occurs in nearly every state. While some claim that the practice helps America, in reality gerrymandering harms American democracy and safety. Gerrymandering greatly affects society, and must become illegal to insure fair representation, the democratic processes in America continues, and America continues to thrive. 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According to measurements from DW-NOMINATE, a system that gives politicians a score based on how liberal or conservative they are, polarizationRead More Democracy: An Analysis Essay1358 Words   |  6 Pagesonce remarked that â€Å"democracy is the worst form of government except all the others that have been tried†. In agreement with his statement, this paper will examine the problems of democratic governments using specific examples, and compare it to the failure of fascist governments in Nazi Germany and Italy and communist governments in the Soviet Union and China. Theoretically, democracy is a stable form of government where power is in the hands of the people. In a democracy, people have the libertyRead MoreEssay about United States Government vs. North Korean Government1324 Words   |  6 PagesThe United States has a complex government that builds on democracy whereas North Korea has communism centered on totalitarian rule. Both had their conflicts during the past and still are struggling in the future. Even though their government has two different sides to tell about they too have some similarities. One country having majority rule and the other having political authority [whom] exercises absolute and centralized control over all aspects of life (definition: totalitarianism at dictionaryRead MoreEssay on Vietnam and Korean Wars Ruined Americas Image566 Words   |  3 Pagespreserve a separate, independent, non-communist government. The elections had great effects on the America, as the communist parties of Korea and Vietnam led milli ons of their people to restore the independence of each individual country. The Americans strictly against national elections rose to take control, but ended up mishandling the situation. Now the question is not about how come they did this, but it’s more like why did they start these horrible incidences? Why did the United States oppose the

African Americans Perceptions of Mental Health and the...

â€Å"I’m Not Crazy†: African Americans Perceptions of Mental Health and the Implications for Health Service Delivery Hillary Marts Vanderbilt University African Americans Perceptions of Mental Health and the Implications for Health Service Delivery As discussed in class, little advancement has been made in the field of mental health care over the past two decades. Rates of mental illness continue to be high especially among certain subgroups, but progress has been stunted by stigma and social environmental issues. Mental health disparities, like many other health disparities, are embedded within a trend of socioeconomic differences (Miranda, McGuire, Williams, amp; Wang, 2008). Racial and class disparities exist among those afflicted†¦show more content†¦When experiencing a mental illness, African Americans face obstacles â€Å"related to understanding the problem or situation and limitation in awareness of possible solutions, strategies remedies and resources† (Hines-Martin, Malone, Kim, amp; Brown-Piper, 2003). In a study by Hines-Martin (2003), participants verbalized that they did not think they were â€Å"crazy† and therefore did not need mental health services. In this instance participants showed a lack of knowledge about what mental health illness looks like. They identified mental illness as dichotomous states (Hines-Martin et al., 2003). A study by Mental Health America found similar results. In this study, a majority of African Americans surveyed believed that depression was a â€Å"health problem† and in some cases â€Å"normal† (MHA, 2012). Talking about mental illness is taboo for African Americans, and as a result they possess little knowledge about specific mental health problems or available treatments (Alvidrez et al., 2008). For African Americans, stigma serves as an impediment to problem recognition. Because they have a misconstrued idea of what mental illness is, they are less likely to contemplate that they have such problems. Alvidrez (2008) found that stigma prevented 65% of their survey respondents from contemplating that they had such problems. Because many African Americans are uninformed about what mental illness is and how itShow MoreRelat edâ€Å"It Must Be Remembered That For The Person With Severe1407 Words   |  6 Pagesremembered that for the person with severe mental illness who has no treatment the most dreaded of confinements can be the imprisonment inflicted by his own mind, which shuts reality out and subjects him to the torment of voices and images beyond our own powers to describe†. 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Buisiness law Free Essays

What must a plaintiff, in a negligence case, prove and establish in order to recover? What are some of the common defenses available to defendants in negligence suits? Provide an example of a negligence case with one of the common defenses. Negligence is a mode of committing certain torts like negligently or carelessly committing trespass, nuisance or defamation. It can be defined as the conduct which creates a risk of causing damage, rather than a state of mind. We will write a custom essay sample on Buisiness law or any similar topic only for you Order Now In an action for negligence and recover the plaintiff has to prove the following essentials. That the defendant owed duty of care to the plaintiff 2. The defendant made a breach of that duty . Plaintiff suffered damage as a consequence thereof. But it is to be remembered that the burden of proof of negligence always lies on the plaintiff. (Res Ipsa Loquitur) The defendants can plead defenses to reduce or eliminate his liability. Such defenses are contributory negligence, comparative negligence, and assumption of risk. In contributory negligence the negligence of the plaintiff is also contributing cause of her injury and is barred from recovering from a negligent defendant. In Harris Vs Toronto Transit Commission (1968) the Supreme Court Canada held that if a boy sitting in a bus projected his arm outside the bus in spite of warning and is injured, he is guilty of contributory negligence. A comparative negligence is a type of partial defense in which there is a reduce in the amount of damages that a plaintiff can recover in a negligence-based claim based upon the degree to which the plaintiff’s own negligence contributed to cause the damages. The assumption of risk denotes that the plaintiff himself knew that his activity was dangerous and thus bears all responsibility for any injury that resulted. ************************************************ References 1. Elliott, Catherine and Quinn, Frances Tort Law publ. by Longman; 5 editions ISBN-13: 978-1405807111, 2005 2. Miller, LeRoy, Roger and Jentz, Gaylord Business Law Today: The Essentials, Publisher: South-Western College/West; 8th edition, ISBN-13: 978-0324654547, September 26, 2007, How to cite Buisiness law, Papers

Nuclear Energy Essays (1712 words) - Nuclear Physics, Physics

Nuclear Energy Radioactive wastes, must for the protection of mankind be stored or disposed in such a manner that isolation from the biosphere is assured until they have decayed to innocuous levels. If this is not done, the world could face severe physical problems to living species living on this planet. Some atoms can disintegrate spontaneously. As they do, they emit ionizing radiation. Atoms having this property are called radioactive. By far the greatest number of uses for radioactivity in Canada relate not to the fission, but to the decay of radioactive materials - radioisotopes. These are unstable atoms that emit energy for a period of time that varies with the isotope. During this active period, while the atoms are 'decaying' to a stable state their energies can be used according to the kind of energy they emit. Since the mid 1900's radioactive wastes have been stored in different manners, but since several years new ways of disposing and storing these wastes have been developed so they may no longer be harmful. A very advantageous way of storing radioactive wastes is by a process called 'vitrification'. Vitrification is a semi-continuous process that enables the following operations to be carried out with the same equipment: evaporation of the waste solution mixed with the borosilicate: any of several salts derived from both boric acid and silicic acid and found in certain minerals such as tourmaline. additives necesary for the production of borosilicate glass, calcination and elaboration of the glass. These operations are carried out in a metallic pot that is heated in an induction furnace. The vitrification of one load of wastes comprises of the following stages. The first step is 'Feeding'. In this step the vitrification receives a constant flow of mixture of wastes and of additives until it is 80% full of calcine. The feeding rate and heating power are adjusted so that an aqueous phase of several litres is permanently maintained at the surface of the pot. The second step is the 'Calcination and glass evaporation'. In this step when the pot is practically full of calcine, the temperature is progressively increased up to 1100 to 1500 C and then is maintained for several hours so to allow the glass to elaborate. The third step is 'Glass casting'. The glass is cast in a special container. The heating of the output of the vitrification pot causes the glass plug to melt, thus allowing the glass to flow into containers which are then transferred into the storage. Although part of the waste is transformed into a solid product there is still treatment of gaseous and liquid wastes. The gases that escape from the pot during feeding and calcination are collected and sent to ruthenium filters, condensers and scrubbing columns. The ruthenium filters consist of a bed of condensacate: product of condensation. glass pellets coated with ferrous oxide and maintained at a temperature of 500 C. In the treatment of liquid wastes, the condensates collected contain about 15% ruthenium. This is then concentrated in an evaporator where nitric acid is destroyed by formaldehyde so as to maintain low acidity. The concentration is then neutralized and enters the vitrification pot. Once the vitrification process is finished, the containers are stored in a storage pit. This pit has been designed so that the number of containers that may be stored is equivalent to nine years of production. Powerful ventilators provide air circulation to cool down glass. The glass produced has the advantage of being stored as solid rather than liquid. The advantages of the solids are that they have almost complete insolubility, chemical inertias, absence of volatile products and good radiation resistance. The ruthenium that escapes is absorbed by a filter. The amount of ruthenium likely to be released into the environment is minimal. Another method that is being used today to get rid of radioactive waste is the 'placement and self processing radioactive wastes in deep underground cavities'. This is the disposing of toxic wastes by incorporating them into molten silicate rock, with low permeability. By this method, liquid wastes are injected into a deep underground cavity with mineral treatment and allowed to self-boil. The resulting steam is processed at ground level and recycled in a closed system. When waste addition is terminated, the chimney is allowed to boil dry. The heat generated by the radioactive wastes then melts the surrounding rock, thus dissolving the wastes. When waste and water addition stop, the cavity temperature would rise to the melting point of the rock. As the molten rock mass increases in size, so